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AbstractOn July 26, 1948, Executive Order 9981: Desegregation of the Armed Forces was signed into law eliminating segregation in the military by President Truman. He envisioned an armed force that would extend opportunities to all persons. Though the Army strives to recruit a diverse fighting force that reflects the United States\' diversity, it tends not to reflect at the senior leadership level. However, African-Americans tend not to branch or choose combat arms military occupational specialty (MOS), thus not setting themselves up to be selected for a senior leadership position, when 59% of the general officer assignments are combat arms. To this end, the purpose of this qualitative methods study using a document analysis research strategy was to identify the main reasons behind the unreasonable representation rates of African-Americans in senior leadership positions in the U.S. armed forces today in order to formulate appropriate and timely recommendations to address this constraint in the future.Table of ContentsAbstract ………………………………………………………………………………..Chapter One: Introduction ………………………………………………………………..Chapter Two: Review of Literature ………………………………………………………..Chapter Three: Methods ………………………………………………………………..Chapter Four: Results ………………………………………………………………..Chapter Five: Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations ………………………..32Why there are few African-American Military Officers in Senior Leadership PositionsChapter One: IntroductionToday, of the approximately 1.3 million men and women on active duty in the U.S. armed forces, fully 43%, or about 560,000 individuals, are African-Americans (Cooper, 2020). However, at present, there is a stark and persistent paucity of senior leaders among these African-Americans service people among the more than half-million servicepersons in the military. Indeed, these disparate representation rates have remained stagnated for more than a half-century, with little or no substantive progress having been made in reducing these disparities. Although some encouraging signs are emanating from the White House and Pentagon at present that promise to improve African-Americans\' promotion opportunities to attain top leadership positions in the future, the process requires time, and some observers suggest time is no longer a luxury that the U.S. armed forces enjoy.The experience of African-Americans in the U.S. armed forces is inexorably tied to more than 350 years of slavery, which began in the early 1600s and the Jim Crow era, resulting in a nadir in American racial relations during the early part of the 20th century (Kendrick, 1998). Despite these brutally challenging and dehumanizing experiences and the obstacles in their path to equality, African-Americans have served with honor and distinction in every war that has been fought by the United States, including the Revolutionary War. In fact, according to Ender and his associates (2015), \"Indeed, a Black, 47-year-old, runaway slave named Crispus Attucks was the first American killed by a British soldier [...] in the course of events which would lead to independence in the United States\" (p. 231).One of the especially noteworthy aspects of this early commitment by African-Americans to defend the United States is the fact that they were actually exempted from the U.S. Militia Act of 1792, which mandated involuntary military construction for all males, but which was subsequently interpreted to mean that these provisions did not apply to blacks, free or otherwise (Ender et al., 2015). Nevertheless, and despite fighting against one white supremacist government on behalf of the similarly constituted United States and being treated far differently from their white counterparts, African-Americans have historically served the country as members of the armed forces. In this regard, Ender et al. (2015) point out that, “Yet, in the new United States, African-Americans continued to serve in times of war — in particular, in the War of 1812, and the Mexican Wars — but their status as a soldier was second class at best” (p. 231). Furthermore, and despite offers of their freedom…[…… parts of this paper are missing, click here to view the entire document ]
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